檢視碧雞漫志/卷三/01 的原始碼


<h2 class="卷首題">碧雞漫志　卷第三</h2>

<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲</span>，說者多異，予斷之曰：『<span class="專名">西涼</span>創作；<span class="專名">明皇</span>潤色，又為易美名。其他飾以神怪者，皆不足信也。』<span class="書名">唐史</span>云：『<span class="專名">河西</span>節度使<span class="專名">楊敬述</span>獻，凡十二遍。』<span class="專名">白樂天</span>和<span class="專名">元微之</span><span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲歌</span>云：『由來能事各有主，<span class="專名">楊</span>氏創聲君造譜。』自注云：『<span class="專名">開元</span>中，<span class="專名">西涼</span>節度使<span class="專名">楊敬述</span>造。』<span class="專名">鄭愚</span><span class="注">案：『鄭愚』，當作『鄭嵎』。下同。</span><span class="書名">津陽門詩注</span>亦稱：『<span class="專名">西涼</span>府都督<span class="專名">楊敬述</span>進。』予又攷<span class="書名">唐史</span><span class="書名">突厥傳</span>：『<span class="專名">開元</span>間，<span class="專名">涼州</span>都督<span class="專名">楊敬述</span>為<span class="專名">暾煌谷</span>所敗，白衣檢校<span class="專名">涼州</span>事』。<span class="專名">樂天</span>、<span class="專名">鄭愚</span>之說是也。<span class="專名">劉夢得</span>詩云：『<span class="專名">開元</span>天子萬事足，惟惜當年光景促，<span class="專名">三鄉</span>陌上望仙山，歸作<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲</span>。仙心從此在<span class="專名">瑤池</span>，三清八景相追隨，天上忽乘白雲去，世間空有秋風詞。』<span class="專名">李祐</span><span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲詩</span>云：『<span class="專名">開元</span>太平時，萬國賀豐歲，梨園進舊曲，玉座流新製，鳳管迭參差，霞裳競搖曳。』<span class="專名">元微之</span><span class="書名">法曲</span>詩云：『<span class="專名">明皇</span>度曲多新態，宛轉浸淫易沈著，<span class="書名">赤白桃李</span>取花名，<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣</span>號天樂。』<span class="專名">劉</span>詩謂<span class="專名">明皇</span>望<span class="專名">女几山</span>持志求仙，故退作此曲。當時詩，今無傳，疑是<span class="專名">西涼</span>獻曲之後，<span class="專名">明皇</span><span class="專名">三鄉</span>眺望，發興求仙，因以名曲；『忽乘白雲去，空有<span class="書名">秋風詞</span>』，譏其無成也。<span class="專名">李</span>詩謂<span class="專名">明皇</span>厭梨園舊曲，故有此新製。<span class="專名">元</span>詩謂<span class="專名">明皇</span>作此曲，多新態，霓裳羽衣非人間服，故號『天樂』。然<span class="專名">元</span>指為法曲，而<span class="專名">樂天</span>亦云『法曲法曲歌<span class="書名">霓裳</span>，政和世理音洋洋，<span class="專名">開元</span>之人樂且康』。又知其為法曲一類也。夫<span class="專名">西涼</span>既獻此曲，而三人者又謂<span class="專名">明皇</span>製作，予以是知為『<span class="專名">西涼</span>創作，<span class="專名">明皇</span>潤色』者也。<span class="專名">杜佑</span><span class="書名">理道要訣</span>云：『<span class="專名">天寶</span>十三載七月，改諸樂名，中使<span class="專名">輔璆琳</span>宣進旨，<span class="注">「旨」，一作「止」。</span>令于太常寺刊石。』內黃鍾商<span class="書名">婆羅門曲</span>，改為<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲</span>。<span class="書名">津陽門詩</span>注：『<span class="專名">葉法善</span>引<span class="專名">明皇</span>入月宮聞樂歸，笛寫其半，會<span class="專名">西涼</span>都督<span class="專名">楊敬述</span>進<span class="書名">婆羅門</span>，聲調吻合，遂以月中所聞為散序，<span class="專名">敬述</span>所進為其腔，製<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣</span>。』月宮事荒誕，惟<span class="專名">西涼</span>進<span class="書名">婆羅門曲</span>，<span class="專名">明皇</span>潤色，又為易美名，最明白無疑。<span class="書名">異人錄</span>云：『<span class="專名">開元</span>六年，上皇與<span class="專名">申天師</span>中秋夜同遊月中，見一大宮府，牓曰「廣寒清虛之府」，兵衛守門不得入。天師引上皇躍超煙霧中，下視玉城，仙人、道士，乘雲駕鶴，往來其間；素娥十餘人，舞笑于廣庭大樹下，樂音嘈雜清麗。上皇歸，編律成音，製<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲</span>。』<span class="書名">逸史</span>云：『<span class="專名">羅公遠</span>中秋侍<span class="專名">明皇</span>宮中翫月，以拄杖向空擲之，化為銀橋，與帝升橋，寒氣侵人，遂至月宮。女仙數百，素練霓衣，舞于廣庭。上問曲名，曰：「霓裳羽衣」。上記其音，歸作<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲</span>。』<span class="書名">鹿革事類</span>云：『八月望夜，<span class="專名">葉法善</span>與<span class="專名">明皇</span>遊月宮，聆月中天樂，問曲名，曰：「紫雲回」。默記其聲，歸傳之，名曰<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣</span>。』此三家者，皆誌<span class="專名">明皇</span>遊月宮，其一<span class="專名">申天師</span>同遊，初不得曲名；其一<span class="專名">羅公遠</span>同遊，得今曲名；其一<span class="專名">葉法善</span>同遊，得<span class="書名">紫雲回</span>曲名易之；雖大同小異，要皆荒誕無可稽。據<span class="專名">杜牧之</span><span class="書名">華清宮</span>詩：『月聞仙曲調，霓作舞衣裳。』詩家搜奇入句，非決然信之也。又有甚者，<span class="書名">開元傳信記</span>云：『帝夢遊月宮，聞樂聲，記其曲，名<span class="書名">紫雲回</span>。』<span class="書名">楊妃外傳</span>云：『上夢仙子十餘輩，各執樂器，御雲而下。一人曰：「此曲神仙紫雲回，今授陛下」。』<span class="書名">明皇雜錄</span>及<span class="書名">仙傳拾遺</span>云：『<span class="專名">明皇</span>用<span class="專名">葉法善</span>術，上元夜自<span class="專名">上陽宮</span>往<span class="專名">西涼州</span>觀燈，以鐵如意質酒而還，遣使取之，不誣。』<span class="書名">幽怪錄</span>云：『<span class="專名">開元</span>正月望夜，帝欲與<span class="專名">葉天師</span>觀<span class="專名">廣陵</span>，俄虹橋起殿前，師奏：「請行，但無回顧」。帝步上，<span class="專名">高力士</span>樂官數十從，頃之到<span class="專名">廣陵</span>。士女仰望曰：「仙人現！」師請令樂官奏<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣</span>一曲，乃回。後<span class="專名">廣陵</span>奏：「上元夜仙人乘雲西來，臨<span class="專名">孝感寺</span>，奏<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲</span>而去。」上大悅。』<span class="專名">唐</span>人喜言<span class="專名">開元</span>、<span class="專名">天寶</span>事，而荒誕相凌奪如此，將使誰信之？予以是知其他飾以神怪者，皆不足信也。<span class="專名">王建</span>詩云：『弟子歌中留一色，聽風聽水作<span class="書名">霓裳</span>。』<span class="專名">歐陽永叔</span>詩話，以不曉『聽風聽水』為恨，<span class="專名">蔡絛</span><span class="書名">詩說</span>云：『出<span class="專名">唐</span>人<span class="書名">西域記</span>——<span class="專名">龜茲</span>國王與臣庶知樂者于火山間聽風水聲，均節成音，後翻入中國。如<span class="書名">伊州</span>、<span class="書名">甘州</span>、<span class="書名">涼州</span>，皆自<span class="專名">龜茲</span>致。』此說近之，但不及<span class="書名">霓裳</span>。予謂：<span class="書名">涼州</span>定從<span class="專名">西涼</span>來。若<span class="書名">伊</span>與<span class="書名">甘</span>自<span class="專名">龜茲</span>致，而<span class="專名">龜茲</span>聽風水造諸曲皆未可知。<span class="專名">王建</span>全章，餘亦未見，但『弟子歌中留一色』，恐是指梨園弟子，則何豫于<span class="專名">龜茲</span>？置之勿論可也。按：<span class="書名">唐史</span>及<span class="專名">唐</span>人諸集，諸家小說：<span class="專名">楊太真</span>進見之日，奏此曲導之。妃亦善此舞。帝嘗以<span class="專名">趙飛燕</span>身輕，<span class="專名">成帝</span>為置七寶避風臺事戲妃<span class="注">『事』，一作『偶』。</span>曰：『爾則任吹多少？』妃曰：『<span class="書名">霓裳</span>一曲，足掩前古。』而宮妓佩七寶瓔珞舞此曲，曲終珠翠可掃。故詩人云：『貴妃宛轉侍君側，體弱不勝珠翠繁，冬雪飄颻錦袍暖，春風蕩漾霓裳翻。』又云：『朱閣沈沈夜未央，碧雲仙曲舞<span class="書名">霓裳</span>，一聲玉笛向空盡，月滿<span class="專名">驪山</span>宮漏長。』又云：『<span class="書名">霓裳</span>一曲千峰上，舞破中原始下來。』又云：『<span class="專名">漁陽</span>鼙鼓動地來，驚破<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲</span>。』又云：『世人莫重<span class="書名">霓裳曲</span>，曾致干戈是此中。』又云：『雲雨<span class="專名">馬嵬</span>分散後，<span class="注">「分」，一作「飛」。</span><span class="專名">驪宮</span>無復聽<span class="書名">霓裳</span>。』又云：『<span class="書名">霓裳</span>滿天月，粉骨幾春風。』帝為太上皇，就養南宮，遷于西宮，梨園弟子玉琯發音，聞此曲一聲，則天顏不怡，左右歔欷。其後<span class="專名">憲宗</span>時，每大宴，間作此舞。<span class="專名">文宗</span>時，詔太常卿<span class="專名">馮定</span>，采<span class="專名">開元</span>雅樂，製<span class="專名">雲韶</span>雅樂及<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲</span>。是時四方大都邑及士大夫家，已多按習，而<span class="專名">文宗</span>乃令<span class="專名">馮定</span>製舞曲者，疑曲存而舞節非舊，故就加整頓焉。<span class="專名">李後主</span>作<span class="書名">昭惠后誄</span>云：『<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲</span>，綿茲喪亂，世罕聞者。獲其舊譜，殘缺頗甚，暇日與后詳定，去彼淫繁，定其缺墜。』<span class="注">按：馬令南唐書昭惠后傳載後主誄云：『霓裳舊曲，韜音淪世。失味齊音，猶傷孔氏，故國遺聲，忍乎湮墜？我稽其美，爾揚其秘，程度餘律，重新雅製』。云云。灼所引，似是誄後注文，今失傳云。</span>蓋<span class="專名">唐</span>末始不全。<span class="注">『始』，一作『殆』。</span><span class="書名">蜀檮杌</span>稱：『三月上巳，<span class="專名">王衍</span>宴<span class="專名">怡神亭</span>，<span class="專名">衍</span>自執板唱<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣</span>、<span class="書名">後庭花</span>、<span class="書名">思越人</span>曲』，決非<span class="專名">開元</span>全章。<span class="書名">洞微志</span>稱：『<span class="專名">五代</span>時，<span class="專名">齊州</span><span class="專名">章丘</span>北村<span class="專名">任六郎</span>愛讀道書，好湯餅，得犯天麥毒疾，多唱異曲。八月望夜，待月私第，<span class="專名">六郎</span>執板大譟一曲，有水烏野雀數百，集其舍屋，傾聽自適。曰：「此即昔人<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣</span>者。」眾請于何得，笑而不答。』既得之邪疾，使此聲果傳，亦未足信。按：<span class="專名">明皇</span>改<span class="書名">婆羅門</span>為<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣</span>，屬黃鍾商，云『時號越調』，即今之越調是也。<span class="專名">白樂天</span><span class="書名">嵩陽觀夜奏霓裳詩</span>云：『<span class="專名">開元</span>遺曲自淒涼，況近秋天調是商』，又知其為黃鍾商無疑。<span class="專名">歐陽永叔</span>云：『人間有<span class="書名">瀛府</span>、<span class="書名">獻仙音</span>二曲，此其遺聲。』<span class="書名">瀛府</span>屬黃鍾宮，<span class="書名">獻仙音</span>屬小石調，了不相干。<span class="專名">永叔</span>知<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣</span>為法曲，而<span class="書名">瀛府</span>、<span class="書名">獻仙音</span>為法曲中遺聲，今合兩個宮調作<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣</span>一曲遺聲，亦太疏矣。<span class="書名">筆談</span>云：『<span class="專名">蒲</span>中<span class="專名">逍遙樓</span>楣上有<span class="專名">唐</span>人橫書，類梵字，相傳是<span class="書名">霓裳</span>譜，字訓不通，莫知是非。或謂今<span class="專名">燕</span>部有<span class="書名">獻仙音</span>曲，乃其遺聲，然<span class="書名">霓裳</span>本謂之道調曲，<span class="書名">獻仙音</span>乃小石調爾。』又<span class="書名">嘉祐雜志</span>云：『<span class="專名">同州</span>樂工翻<span class="專名">河中</span><span class="專名">黃幡綽</span><span class="書名">霓裳譜</span>，鈞容樂工<span class="專名">程士守</span><span class="注">元本作「士守程」，下同。今依錢校。</span>以為非是，別依法曲造成。教坊伶人<span class="專名">花日新</span>見之，題其後云：「法曲雖精，莫近<span class="書名">望瀛</span>」。』予謂：『<span class="書名">筆談</span>知<span class="書名">獻仙曲</span>非是，乃指為道調法曲，則無所著見。獨<span class="書名">理道要訣</span>所載係當時朝旨，可信不誣。<span class="書名">雜志</span>謂<span class="專名">同州</span>樂工翻<span class="專名">河中</span><span class="專名">黃幡綽</span>譜，雖不載何宮調，安知非<span class="專名">逍遙樓</span>楣上橫書耶？今并<span class="專名">程士守</span>譜皆不傳。』<span class="專名">樂天</span>和<span class="專名">元微之</span><span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲歌</span>云：『磬簫箏笛遞相攙，擊擫彈吹聲邐迤』。注云：『凡法曲之初，眾樂不齊，惟金、石、絲、竹次第發聲，<span class="書名">霓裳</span>序初亦復如此。』又云：『散序六奏未動衣，<span class="專名">陽臺</span>宿雲慵不飛。中序擘騞初入拍，秋竹竿裂春冰坼。』注云：『散序六遍無拍，故不舞。中序始有拍，亦名拍序。』又云：『繁音急節十二遍，跳珠撼玉何鏗錚，翔鸞舞了卻收翅，唳鶴曲終長引聲。』注云：『<span class="書名">霓裳</span>十二遍而曲終。凡曲將終，皆聲拍促速，惟<span class="書名">霓裳</span>之末長引一聲。』<span class="書名">筆談</span>云：『<span class="書名">霓裳曲</span>凡十二疊，前六疊無拍，至第七疊方謂之疊遍，自此始有拍而舞。』<span class="書名">筆談</span>，<span class="專名">沈存中</span>撰。<span class="專名">沈</span>指<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣</span>為道調法曲，則是未嘗見舊譜，今所云豈亦得之<span class="專名">樂天</span>乎？世有般涉調<span class="書名">拂霓裳</span>曲，因<span class="專名">石曼卿</span>取作傳踏，述<span class="專名">開元</span><span class="專名">天寶</span>舊事。<span class="專名">曼卿</span>云：『本是月宮之音，翻作人間之曲。』近<span class="專名">夔</span>帥<span class="專名">曾端伯</span>增損其辭為勾遣隊口號，亦云『<span class="專名">開</span>、<span class="專名">寶</span>遺音』。蓋二公不知此曲自屬黃鍾商，而<span class="書名">拂霓裳</span>則般涉調也。<span class="專名">宣和</span>初，<span class="專名">普府</span>守<span class="專名">山東</span>人<span class="專名">王平</span>，詞學華贍，自言得夷則商<span class="書名">霓裳羽衣</span>譜，取<span class="專名">陳鴻</span>、<span class="專名">白樂天</span><span class="書名">長恨歌</span>、<span class="書名">傳</span>，并<span class="專名">樂天</span>寄<span class="專名">元微之</span><span class="書名">霓裳羽衣曲歌</span>，又雜取<span class="專名">唐</span>人小詩、長句，及<span class="專名">明皇</span>、<span class="專名">太真</span>事，終以<span class="專名">微之</span><span class="書名">連昌宮詞</span>，補綴成曲，刻板流傳。曲十一段，起第四遍、第五遍、第六遍、正攧、入破、虛催、袞、實催、袞、歇拍、殺袞，音律節奏，與<span class="專名">白</span>氏歌注大異，則知<span class="專名">唐</span>曲今世決不復見，亦可恨也。又<span class="書名">唐史</span>稱：『客有以按樂圖示<span class="專名">王維</span>者，無題識，<span class="專名">維</span>徐曰：「此<span class="書名">霓裳</span>第三疊最初拍也」。客未然，引工按曲，乃信。』予嘗笑之。<span class="書名">霓裳</span>第一至第六疊無拍者，皆散序故也，類音家所行『大品』，安得有拍？樂圖必作舞女，而<span class="書名">霓裳</span>散序六疊，以無拍，故不舞。又畫師于樂器上或吹或彈，止能畫一個字。諸曲皆有此一字，豈獨<span class="書名">霓裳</span>？<span class="專名">唐</span><span class="專名">孔緯</span>拜官教坊，優伶求利市，<span class="專名">緯</span>呼使前，索其笛，指竅問曰：『何者是<span class="書名">浣溪沙</span>孔籠子？』諸伶大笑。此與畫圖上定曲名何異！<span class="注">『普府』，一作『普州』。錢校『晉府』。</span>
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